裂縫是瀝青路面的頑癥，以開(kāi)裂為主的路面損傷具有顯著的多因素耦合和多尺度特征。在道路材料類型豐富、路面結(jié)構(gòu)組合多樣，以及多變的交通荷載和復(fù)雜的環(huán)境影響下，瀝青路面的開(kāi)裂損傷機(jī)制難以掌握，病因的不確定性造成了裂縫處治存在“頭痛醫(yī)頭，腳痛醫(yī)腳”的現(xiàn)象，裂縫防治成為道路工程界的國(guó)際性難題，建立高質(zhì)量、高效率、強(qiáng)保障的路面開(kāi)裂病害防治技術(shù)體系迫在眉睫。
從“亡羊補(bǔ)牢”到“未雨綢繆”的理念轉(zhuǎn)變
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，瀝青路面損傷演化機(jī)理不明晰，病害處治技術(shù)普遍存在施工效率低、材料耐久性差等問(wèn)題，瀝青路面病害防治亟需理論突破和技術(shù)發(fā)展。在解決瀝青路面裂縫防治的重大技術(shù)難題上，還存在著裂縫防控難和裂縫處治難的挑戰(zhàn)，幾乎所有的瀝青路面均發(fā)生不同程度的裂縫病害，大多數(shù)公路通車一年后即出現(xiàn)裂縫，并且處治材料失效率高、次生病害多、施工效率低等問(wèn)題時(shí)有發(fā)生。
針對(duì)這些國(guó)際性技術(shù)難題，同濟(jì)大學(xué)、北京航空航天大學(xué)、交通運(yùn)輸部公路科學(xué)研究院、中交第一公路勘察設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司、北京中天路業(yè)科技有限公司、北京路新瀝青混凝土有限公司、太原理工大學(xué)、上海浦東路橋（集團(tuán)）有限公司和上海浦東建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院共同組成的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)依托20多項(xiàng)國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金、國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃、交通運(yùn)輸部科技項(xiàng)目等課題資助，歷經(jīng)10余年的系統(tǒng)研究，沿著“精確解析-主動(dòng)防控-高效處治”的技術(shù)路線，突破了路面損傷起裂演化機(jī)理、路面裂縫主動(dòng)愈合方法、路面病害高效處治技術(shù)等系列瓶頸 問(wèn)題，創(chuàng)建了具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)、經(jīng)大規(guī)模工程應(yīng)用驗(yàn)證的路面開(kāi)裂病害防治技術(shù)體系。
該項(xiàng)目的研發(fā)思路是從“亡羊補(bǔ)牢”的被動(dòng)式養(yǎng)護(hù)到“未雨綢繆”的主動(dòng)式防控與高效處治，解決“瀝青材料損傷演化機(jī)理精確解析”這一科學(xué)問(wèn)題，面向裂縫防治這一道路工程界的國(guó)際性難題，研發(fā)裂縫主動(dòng)防控和高效處治技術(shù)。
項(xiàng)目組以理論為指引，應(yīng)用為導(dǎo)向，就多因素耦合作用下瀝青混合料界面斷裂失效機(jī)理、界面弱化影響下的瀝青混合料性能劣化演變規(guī)律、瀝青混合料裂紋萌生到擴(kuò)展的多尺度聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制、瀝青材料裂紋自愈合行為理論與評(píng)價(jià)、瀝青路面微膠囊自愈技術(shù)、鐵氧體微波自愈技術(shù)、裂縫處治材料性能表征及技術(shù)應(yīng)用、冷補(bǔ)料和地聚合物灌漿材料研發(fā)與應(yīng)用、高彈抗裂超薄罩面材料研發(fā)與應(yīng)用等方面開(kāi)展了深入的研究，解決了面向裂縫防治“高效耐久”的工程需求和技術(shù)難題。
創(chuàng)新全生命周期路面損傷診治技術(shù)
項(xiàng)目組利用跨學(xué)科交叉互補(bǔ)研究的方式，結(jié)合中醫(yī)學(xué)理論中“審證求因，審因論治”的核心思想，形成了包括“明病理—瀝青路面界面開(kāi)裂的多尺度演化機(jī)理”“治未病—瀝青路面損傷主動(dòng)愈合方法”“治已病—瀝青路面裂縫高效處治技術(shù)的系列創(chuàng)新成果”，對(duì)道路工程界裂縫防治這一國(guó)際性難題的破解起到了巨大的推動(dòng)作用，項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)新成果總體達(dá)到國(guó)際領(lǐng)先水平。
明病理 瀝青路面界面開(kāi)裂的多尺度演化機(jī)理
瀝青膠漿和集料之間的界面是瀝青混合料中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，界面抵抗開(kāi)裂的能力直接影響瀝青混合料的強(qiáng)度及耐久性。在微觀尺度，項(xiàng)目采用分子動(dòng)力學(xué)，從能量角度和分子運(yùn)動(dòng)角度明確了多因素影響下的瀝青分子在集料表面的吸附和擴(kuò)散機(jī)制；揭示了瀝青膜厚度、集料表面粗糙度、水、老化等對(duì)界面斷裂模式(黏附性破壞/黏聚性破壞)的耦合作用機(jī)理。從細(xì)觀尺度上，項(xiàng)目提出了瀝青混合料界面微區(qū)性能采集的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法，構(gòu)建了考慮界面的等效集料模型，克服了界面區(qū)尺寸過(guò)小而難以進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬的瓶頸，闡釋了界面對(duì)性能劣化（蠕變性 能、彈性模量、裂紋擴(kuò)展）的影響。在宏觀尺度，項(xiàng)目提出了考慮自愈效應(yīng)的開(kāi)裂區(qū)黏彈塑本構(gòu)模型，采用數(shù)字圖像相關(guān)技術(shù)和單軸蠕變等試驗(yàn)，獲取了不同溫度、加載頻率下開(kāi)裂區(qū)本構(gòu)參數(shù)，通過(guò)兩階段耦合模型，建立材料性能與路面結(jié)構(gòu)性能之間的定量關(guān)系。
治未病 瀝青路面損傷主動(dòng)愈合方法
瀝青具有一定損傷自愈合能力，但自愈效率較低，如能通過(guò)技術(shù)措施強(qiáng)化瀝青混合料的自愈合行為，將顯著延長(zhǎng)瀝青路面的服役壽命。項(xiàng)目構(gòu)建了考慮裂面處瀝青分子浸潤(rùn)及瀝青分子擴(kuò)散的兩階段裂紋自愈合模型，提出活化能指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)瀝青材料自愈合能力，為自愈合瀝青混合料組成設(shè)計(jì)確立理論基礎(chǔ)；開(kāi)發(fā)了適用于瀝青路面的微膠囊自愈合材料，使瀝青路面萌生微裂紋初期即可自動(dòng)響應(yīng)并主動(dòng)修復(fù)，添加微膠囊后的瀝青混合料疲勞壽命提升2.2倍。項(xiàng)目研發(fā)了鐵氧體微波自愈技術(shù)，自主研發(fā)了微波輔助設(shè)備，通過(guò)微波加熱的方法實(shí)現(xiàn)多次、全域裂紋愈合，疲勞壽命提升2.3倍；提出“斷裂過(guò)程區(qū)裂紋發(fā)育程度”的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)，以制定微波自愈養(yǎng)護(hù)優(yōu)化方案。
治已病 瀝青路面裂縫高效處治技術(shù)
面向路面病害高效耐久處治的工程需求，聚焦路面裂縫及其衍生病害，從技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、材料研 發(fā)和施工工藝三方面克服了傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)普遍存在的技術(shù)瓶頸。項(xiàng)目研究建立了瀝青路面裂縫坑槽材料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，廣泛調(diào)研了裂縫處治失效破壞模式，提出了材料性能表征方法，開(kāi)發(fā)了相關(guān)試驗(yàn)儀器；研發(fā)了瀝青路面裂縫及其衍生病害的高效處治材料，實(shí)現(xiàn)了裂縫、網(wǎng)裂、唧漿等路面裂縫類病害發(fā)展各階段的全覆蓋；提出了瀝青路面病害高效處治成套技術(shù)，攻克了傳統(tǒng)瀝青路面裂縫處治存在的技術(shù)難題。
應(yīng)用前景廣闊 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益兼顧
推廣應(yīng)用
項(xiàng)目技術(shù)成果在北京市延慶冬奧會(huì)館項(xiàng)目等全國(guó)近30個(gè)省份瀝青路面中得到推廣，累計(jì)應(yīng)用超過(guò)1500萬(wàn)延米，并在北美洲和大洋洲等國(guó)開(kāi)展了試驗(yàn)路修補(bǔ)，在“一帶一路”沿線國(guó)家進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)性推廣與應(yīng)用。項(xiàng)目各應(yīng)用材料的性能優(yōu)異，施工工藝成熟，對(duì)瀝青路面開(kāi)裂的防控具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，具有廣闊的推廣應(yīng)用前景。
項(xiàng)目形成了產(chǎn)學(xué)研用一體化協(xié)同攻關(guān)、創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)的格局，有效提升了研發(fā)效率，極大地推動(dòng)了技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化并提高了現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力，通過(guò)交通運(yùn)輸部典型示范工程應(yīng)用及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖編制，為項(xiàng)目研究成功以后的推廣應(yīng)用提供了充分的理論基礎(chǔ)、技術(shù)支撐和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
項(xiàng)目主要完成人在《國(guó)際工程科學(xué)（International Journal o f Engineering Science）》（期刊的影響因子IF：9.219）、《水泥與混凝土研究（Cement and Concrete Research）》（期刊的影響因子IF：8.328）、《 清 潔 生 產(chǎn) 雜 志 （Journal of CleanerProduction）》（期刊的影響因子IF：7.246）、《工程(Engineering)》（期刊的影響因子IF：8.328）、《膠體和界面科學(xué)雜志（Advances in Colloid and Interface Science）》（期刊的影響因子IF:9.922）、《中國(guó)公路學(xué)報(bào)》《科學(xué)通報(bào)》等國(guó)際權(quán)威學(xué)術(shù)期刊、中文卓越期刊發(fā)表相關(guān)論文75余篇，3次獲“科學(xué)指南（ScienceDirect）”頒發(fā)的最熱門文章獎(jiǎng)，4篇論文連續(xù)多次入選ESI高被引論文（前1%），1篇ESI熱點(diǎn)論文（前1‰），通過(guò)介紹項(xiàng)目研究成果，提升了研究成果的國(guó)際影響力。同時(shí)，項(xiàng)目通過(guò)出版瀝青混合料自愈領(lǐng)域的專著、發(fā)明專利等途徑，進(jìn)一步推廣項(xiàng)目研究成果。
社會(huì)效益
項(xiàng)目研發(fā)的主動(dòng)防控和高效處治材料與技術(shù)，有利于降低道路的維修養(yǎng)護(hù)頻次，減少由于養(yǎng)護(hù)維修造成的擁堵和滯留，保障高速公路、城市道路的安全、高效運(yùn)營(yíng)。項(xiàng)目部分成果納入6部交通行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和兩部地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，被廣泛用于道路工程的建設(shè)、維修與養(yǎng)護(hù)。
此外，裂縫處治材料在美國(guó)加州、加拿大多倫多等地，以及泰國(guó)、越南、埃及等“一帶一路”沿線7個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)性推廣應(yīng)用，高性能冷補(bǔ)料出口巴布新幾內(nèi)亞和關(guān)島等國(guó)家和地區(qū)，推動(dòng)了我國(guó)裂縫處治材料的技術(shù)進(jìn)步和高端產(chǎn)品的國(guó)產(chǎn)化，強(qiáng)力支撐了我國(guó)“一帶一路”等國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略的推進(jìn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了科研成果走出國(guó)門，為實(shí)現(xiàn)交通強(qiáng)國(guó)提供了強(qiáng)有力的理論基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)支撐。
經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
研發(fā)的微膠囊自修復(fù)技術(shù)可使瀝青混合料疲勞壽命提升兩倍，鐵氧體微波自愈技術(shù)使瀝青路面疲勞壽命延長(zhǎng)至233%。研發(fā)的裂縫處治材料累計(jì)應(yīng)用超過(guò)1500萬(wàn)延米，施工效率提高兩倍至4倍，冷補(bǔ)料和灌漿料年應(yīng)用量超過(guò)2000噸。高彈抗裂超薄罩 面在青海、貴州、河北等地成功應(yīng)用。成果在包括北京市延慶冬奧會(huì)館、上海市滬南公路等我國(guó)近30個(gè)省區(qū)市得到成功應(yīng)用，并在海外各個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)性推廣應(yīng)用，直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益達(dá)到2.1億 元，間接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益15.2億元。經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)效益顯著，推廣應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
Preventive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cracks in Asphalt Pavement
Text by Pang Yafeng of Tongji University
Asphalt pavement has always been plagued by cracks. Damage to pavement, mainly cracking, shows significant multi-factor coupling and multi-scale characteristics. As a result of the rich types of road materials, diverse pavement structures, and variable traffic loads and complex environment, it is difficult to pin down the cracking damage mechanism of asphalt pavement. As root causes remain elusive, cracks are eliminated using stopgap measures. Crack prevention and control has become a headache for the global road engineering community. It is imperative to establish a high-quality, efficient and guaranteed technical system for pavement crack prevention and control.
Shift from passive treatment to preventive treatment
For a long time, the mechanism of evolution of damage to asphalt pavement has remained unclear, and the disease disposal technology has generally had defects such as construction inefficiency and poor material durability. Theoretical breakthroughs and technological development are badly needed for the prevention and control of asphalt pavement diseases. There remain challenges to preventing and controlling asphalt pavement cracks. Almost all asphalt pavement suffer crack diseases to varying degrees, and most of highways develop cracks one year after being opened to traffic. Moreover, problems such as high failure rate of treatment materials, secondary damage, and construction inefficiency occur from time to time.
In response to these global technical challenges, the research team composed of members from Tongji University, Beihang University, Research Institute of Highway of the Ministry of Transport, CCCC First Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Beijing Zhongtian Luye Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Luxin Asphalt Concrete Co., Ltd., Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanghai Pudong Road and Bridge (Group) Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Pudong Architectural Design & Research Institute conducted over 10 years of systematic research according to the technical route of “accurate analysis-active prevention and control-efficient treatment” under over 20 projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Key R&D Program, Science and Technology Projects of the Ministry of Transport, etc., and has made breakthroughs in the mechanism of evolution of pavement damage cracking, active healing of pavement cracks, the efficient treatment of pavement diseases and other areas, and established a pavement cracking prevention and control technology system with independent intellectual property rights that has been verified by large-scale engineering application.
This project adopts the R&D idea of shifting from passive maintenance to active prevention and control as well as efficient treatment. Active crack prevention and control as well as efficient treatment technology has been developed to solve the problem of “accurate analysis of the mechanism of evolution of damage to asphalt materials” and the global challenge of cracking prevention and treatment in the road engineering field.
Guided by theory and geared to application, the project team conducted in-depth research on the interfacial fracture failure mechanism of asphalt mixture under multi-factor coupling, evolution law of performance deterioration of asphalt mixture under the influence of interfacial weakening, the multi-scale linkage mechanism of asphalt mixture crack emergence to propagation, the theory and evaluation of self-healing behavior of asphalt material crack, microcapsule self-healing technology for asphalt pavements, ferrite microwave self-healing technology, characterization of crack treatment material performance and technical application, R&D and application of cold paving materials and geopolymer grouting material, R&D of high-elastic and crack-resistant ultra-thin overlay, etc., and met the engineering needs for “efficient and durable” prevention and control of cracks.
Innovative diagnosis and treatment technology for pavement damage throughout life cycle
The project team made innovative achievements using interdisciplinary complementary research, in conjunction with the traditional Chinese medicine theory’s core idea of “determining etiologic factors based on differentiation and giving treatment according to cause”, including “multi-scale evolution mechanism of interfacial cracking of asphalt pavement”, “method of active healing of asphalt pavement damage” and “efficient treatment of asphalt pavement cracks”, which contribute significantly to solving the global problem of crack prevention and control in the road engineering industry. The innovative results of the project are world-leading.
Multi-scale evolution mechanism of interfacial cracking of asphalt pavement
The interface between asphalt mortar and aggregate is a weak link in asphalt mixture, and its capacity to resist cracking directly affects the robustness and durability of asphalt mixtures. At the microcosmic level, it used molecular dynamics to ascertain the adsorption and diffusion mechanism of asphalt molecules on the surface of aggregates under the influence of multiple factors from the perspective of energy and molecular motion, and revealed the coupling mechanism of asphalt membrane thickness, roughness of aggregate surface, water, aging, etc. for the interfacial fracture mode (adhesive failure /cohesive failure). At the meso-scale, the project team developed a standard experimental method for studying micro-domain performance of asphalt mixture interface, and created an equivalent aggregate model with consideration to the interface, which remove the problem that the interface size is too small to be numerically simulated, and explain the impact of the interface on performance deterioration (creep property, elasticity modulus, and crack propagation). At the macro scale, the project created a viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model for the cracking zone with consideration of the self-healing effect, and obtained the constitutive parameters of the cracking zone at different temperatures and loading frequencies using digital image correlation (DIC) technology and experiments on uniaxial creep, etc. The quantitative relationship between material properties and pavement structural properties was established through the two-stage coupling model.
Method of active healing of damaged asphalt pavement
Asphalt has self-healing ability, but its self-healing is inefficient. If the self-healing property of asphalt mixture can be reinforced using technical means, the service life of asphalt pavement will be significantly prolonged. In this project, the project team constructed a two-stage crack self-healing model considering asphalt molecular infiltration and diffusion at the crack surface, and used the activation energy index to evaluate the self-healing capacity of asphalt materials, which provided a theoretical basis for the composition design of self-healing asphalt mixtures. It developed a microcapsule self-healing material suitable for asphalt pavements, which can automatically respond and repair emerging microcracks in asphalt pavements. The fatigue life of asphalt mixture added with microcapsules is increased by 2.2 times. The project team developed ferrite microwave self-healing technology and microwave auxiliary equipment, which realize multiple global crack healing through microwave heating, thus extending fatigue life by 2.3 times. It adopted the evaluation index for “crack development degree in fracture process zone” in order to draw up an optimal plan for microwave self-healing.
Efficient treatment of asphalt pavement cracks
In view of the engineering needs for efficient and durable treatment of pavement diseases, the project team focused on pavement cracks and their derivative diseases, and removed technical bottlenecks common in traditional technologies in terms of technical standards, material R&D and construction technology. The project team studied and established a standard system of materials for asphalt pavement cracks and pits, extensively investigated the failure and destruction mode of crack treatment, adopted material performance characterization methods, and developed relevant test apparatus; developed materials for efficient treatment of asphalt pavement cracks and their derivative diseases, covering all stages of the development of pavement crack diseases such as cracks, net-shaped cracks and seepage of surface water into the base layer; developed a suite of technologies for efficient treatment of asphalt pavement diseases, and resolved the technical problems existing in the traditional treatment of asphalt pavement cracks.
Broad application prospects, with consideration of social and economic benefits Application
The technical achievements of this project have been applied to asphalt pavements in projects in nearly 30 provinces across the country, including the project of Yanqing Winter Olympic stadium in Beijing, with a length of over 15 million linear meters. These were also used for experimental road repair in North America and Oceania, and promoted in countries relevant to the Belt and Road Initiative. Thanks to application materials with excellent performance and mature construction technology, the project has absolute advantages in the prevention and control of asphalt pavement cracking, and has broad prospects for promotion.
In this project, enterprises, universities, research institutes and users worked together to make technical breakthroughs and innovations. It has improved R&D efficiency, promoted technology commercialization and boosted productivity. It provides sufficient theoretical basis, technical support and practical experience for subsequent promotion and application of project results through typical demonstration projects under the Ministry of Transport and the compilation of standard drawings.
The main person involved in the project published more than 75 relevant papers in international authoritative academic journals and Chinese excellent journals such as International Journal of Engineering Science (IF: 9.219), Cement and Concrete Research (IF: 8.328), Journal of Cleaner Production (IF: 7.246), Engineering (IF: 8.328), Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (IF: 9.922), China Journal of Highway and Transport and Chinese Science Bulletin. He won the Most Popular Article Award issued by ScienceDirect three times. Four papers were selected as ESI Highly Cited Papers (top 1%) for many consecutive times, and one was rated as ESI Hot Paper (top 1‰). The international influence of research results has been enhanced through the introduction to the research results. At the same time, the research results of the project have been further promoted through the publication of monographs on self-healing asphalt mixture, invention patents, etc.
Social benefits
The active prevention and control as well as efficient treatment materials and technologies developed under this project help reduce the frequency of road maintenance, ease congestion and retention caused by road repair, and ensure the safe and efficient operation of expressways and urban roads. The project results are widely used in the construction, repair and maintenance of road projects, with some incorporated into six pieces of transportation industry standards and two pieces of local standards.
Moreover, cracking treatment materials have been experimentally applied in California, Toronto, etc. as well as 7 countries relevant to the Belt and Road Initiative such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Egypt. High-performance cold paving materials are exported to Papua New Guinea, Guam and other countries and regions. The project results have promoted the technological progress for cracking treatment materials as well as the localization of high-end products in China, supported the implementation of the “Belt and Road Initiative” and other national strategies, enabled the overseas use of scientific research achievements, and provided a strong theoretical basis and technical support for building China’s strength in transportation.
Economic benefits
The microcapsule self-healing technology developed can extend the fatigue life of asphalt mixture by two times, and the ferrite microwave self-healing technology extends the fatigue life of asphalt pavements by 233%. Cracking treatment materials have been applied to the repair of roads with a length of over 15 million linear meters, and the construction efficiency has been enhanced by two to four times. Over 2,000 tons of cold paving materials and grouting materials are used annually. High elasticity crack-resistant ultra-thin overlay has been applied in Qinghai, Guizhou, Hebei and other regions. The results have been applied to projects in nearly 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China, including the Yanqing Winter Olympic stadium and Hunan Highway in Shanghai, and have been experimentally applied in many overseas countries and regions, generating direct economic benefits of 210 million yuan and indirect economic benefits of 1.52 billion yuan. The project results promise remarkable economic and social benefits, and broad prospects for application.
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